Disease and prevention

1. Causes of Diseases
Some living things that cause disease are:
a. Insects
Besides as an intermediary for the spread of disease, insects can also cause the onset of a disease. sample for insects as an intermediary: a mosquito that can cause malaria, dengue fever. Flies can cause gastrointestinal diseases. While examples of insect pests is sarcopies scabiei (scabies disease-causing).
b. worms
Various kinds of worms can cause disease in humans. Many are found in the community we are diseases that cause hookworms, roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.
c. Protozoa
Protozoa are one of the pests that can infect humans. Malaria is one of the examples of diseases caused by protozoa.
d. bacteria
Many infectious diseases caused by bacteria. You must already know tuberculosis, koleram diphtheria, dysentery, and leprosy. The disease is caused by bacteria that infect the body.
e. virus
Virus is one of the microorganisms that cause disease. diseases caused by viruses such as polio, camppak, dengue fever, hepatitis and rabies.
f. Mushrooms
Some types of fungi attack the skin and cause a person to suffer from skin diseases. Known disease and affects many people in the community such as tinea versicolor and ringworm.
2. Communicable Diseases Common in Indonesia
a. Scabies
Scabies is a skin disease caused by insect infestation groups, namely Sareoptes scabiei. These insects subtle dig trenches in the epidermis of the skin so that the skin part irritation, damage, and cause itching. If garukannya cause injury, the patient may develop secondary infections and the transfer of parasites from one place to another. Prevention can be done is to avoid contact with the patient, treating the patient as soon as possible to recover, and maintain personal and environmental hygiene.
b. Ankylostomiasis (hookworm infection)
Ankylostomiasis is an infectious disease caused by hookworm attacks, Ankylostoma duodenale, which live in the intestine and cause intestinal bleeding resulting in anemia. Within 1 week of the larvae enter the duodenum and ileum. After 4 weeks from the time of infection, hookworm become adult worms.
Symptoms of this disease are indicated abnormalities in the skin at the area where the larvae enter the form of itching, the symptoms of bronchitis, cough, constipation, diarrhea, pale and puffy face, edema of the hands and feet, belly, tiredness, nausea, and vomiting- vomiting.
Prevention can be done is:
Completely treat patients who may be a source of infection,
Keeping the environment clean,
Prevent infection by always wearing footwear,
Held a mass treatment.
c. Enterobiasisi (pinworm infection)
Enterobiasis are intestinal infections by pinworms. Enterobus vemicumicularis or Odcyyuris vermiicularis.
Adult worms live in area of ​​the cecum and colon contents consuming and cellular material (gut) local. Transmission through the digestive tract, ie infective worm eggs are ingested through the mouth.
Symptoms and complaints arise only at night, the adult worms in moving into the anus or genitals if it will spawn. Symptoms include itching in the anal area so people sleeplessness. Efforts to prevent infection of this disease are:
Attention to health and hygiene of individuals, such as cutting the nails, washing hands after defecating, clean the area around the anus, and wash hands before eating,
Attention to health and hygiene setti,
Provide treatment to patients and their families,
Drying, washing, and ironing bedding and clothing.
d. Amebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
This disease is a stomach ailment that many experienced people in our country. Amebiasis is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in the large intestine, in some cases the infection can spread to the liver, brain and lungs. The cause of this disease is a kind of protozoa of the class Rhizopoda, namely Entamoeba histolytica. Infective cysts form into the mouth with contaminated food or drink. After passing through the stomach wall of the cyst will rupture. Furthermore, in the large intestine submucosal tissues develop into tropozoit shape. One of the symptoms of amebiasis is the presence of blood and mucus in feces. Patients will feel constipated, in a state of acute nxeri will arise in the abdomen. Patients usually defecate as many as 68 times a day. Smelling feces, dark red, slimy, and there was blood.
Prevention efforts can be made by individuals and communities. And cooking water and food is good and right, preventing the contamination of food and beverages by flies, cockroaches or rodents, maintain personal hygiene and eating utensils. Prevention can be done by the public is holding well excreta disposal system.
f. Malaria
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the class Sporozoa kind, genus Plasmodium. There are four species of Plasmodium that can cause disease in humans, the Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale.
Transmission of the disease through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito carrying infective sporozoid. Other Transmission is through blood trarisfusi, maternal placenta or syringe. Transmission rather than through a mosquito bite, protozoa infecting the patient is not in the form sporozoid, but in the form tropozoid. Having entered the body sporozoid prospective patients, 5 to 7 days later, the parasites multiply in the epithelial cells of the liver and later would enter red blood cells.
Prevention can be done is:
Treat people and people in the body containing the malaria parasite,
Eradicate mosquito breeding,
Eradicate mosquitoes,
And prevent mosquito bites.
e. Toksop lasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of parasitic protozoa, subfilum Sporozoa, Toxoplasmea classes, namely Toxoplasma gondii. This parasitic infection causing inflammation of the skin, lymph nodes, heart, lungs, eyes, brain, and meninges. Cats is an intermediary for the infection source for humans. Infected cats will issue feces containing Toxoplasma oocysts. Oocysts can infect humans through contaminated food or drink cat feces containing oocysts.
Transmission can also occur in the presence of skin to skin contact with animal excreta diseased tissue. Other infections can also occur in infants / fetuses obtained from mothers during the infant in the womb or through breast milk. Disease prevention can be done by:
Cooking food and drink perfectly
Treating animals intermediaries, especially the sick cat
Maintain cleanliness of the individual and the environment.
f. Cholera
Cholera is an acute, highly contagious disease, caused by a bacteria called Vibro comma. Transmission from patient melali directly from stool or vomit. Transmission occurs through the digestive tract. The common symptoms are diarrhea sufferers mengalmi and vomiting. In the case of diarrhea, stool first normal form, then changed to colorless again and foaming, ultimately shaped like rice water. For the case of vomiting, the vomit is usually a food first, then turns into a shape like rice water. As a result of diarrhea and vomiting, the patient's body to lose fluid.
Means of prevention are:
Isolating patients
Sterilization equipment is exposed to feces and vomit of patients
Protection of drinking water sources
Cooking food and drink properly
Avoid contamination of food
Maintain cleanliness of the
g. Typhoid fever (typhoid or paratifus)
Demem typhoid is an infectious disease caused by salmonella bacteria, ie salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. Patients who are in a period of healing is generally still contains germs in the gall bladder and in the kidney. Salmonella prospective patients will enter the body through the digestive tract.
Typical signs of the disease are fever, symptoms of a complaint to the stomach, spleen, and skin eruptions. Prevention, the disease can be through improving individual and environmental hygiene, seek the provision of good water, and giving vaccinations.
h. Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an acute disease caused by the bacterium bacillus, the diphtheria bacterium coryna. Generally, a lot is infected children. Transmission through the saliva is the primary mode of transmission. Transmission others can defilement hand, and a handkerchief. The body parts that may have an infection are the tonsils, nasopharynx, larynx and other parts of the upper respiratory tract. Common symptoms are fever, chills, and weakness. Prevention can be done is an active and passive immunization. Active immunization (vaccination) should first be given when the child was 3 months old, is given along with tetanus immunization, pertunis, and polio myelitis. Second vaccination given 2 years later, while the third vaccine is given at the time the child started school. Passive immunization carried out to obtain protection for 2-3 weeks.
i. Dysentery hasiler
Hasiler Dysentery is an infection of the colon caused by bacteria potogen, there are a variety of species and variants of these bacteria, Shigella genus shigae, Shigellaflexneri, Shigella boydii, schnlitzei shigella, shigella sonei. Germs enter the body through the mouth. Symptoms of this disease are people with experience in body heat up to 42 degrees C, complained of stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. Diarrhea can occur as many as 20-40 times a day. At first stool comes out mixed with a little blood and mucus, and feces consists only of bloody mucus containing the results of scraping the cells of the intestinal mucosa and germs. Abdominal pain is becoming increasingly intense.
Prevention efforts can be made:
Isolating patients
Sterilizing equipment sleeping
Provide disinfection treatment feces
Supervise the manufacture of food / ice that use raw water
Cooking water first
j. Tetanus
Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus germs are in the ground. Transmission occurs through open wounds. To help prevent tetanus is to clean and remove foreign objects from the wound. Luka was given antibiotics to eradicate the infection and prevent the formation of toxins. The initial symptoms of this disease are due to muscle spasms mouth buttoned front. Seizures, then spread gets neck, spine, abdominal wall muscles. And other muscles thoroughly. Seizures will be repeated with the stimulus light, touch or it can occur by itself.
For treatment, patients are usually given anti-tetanus serum or serum kortihosteroid and tetanus.
Prevention efforts are:
Immunizing
Caring for and cleaning the wound and allow wound remains open
k. Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease in humans and animals. The cause of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium, and mycobacter ium microti. Common symptoms of this disease are weak body, weight loss, increased body temperature, berkeringan night. Attempt to do to prevent this is:
Provide active immunization with BCG vaccine
Giving antituberculosis drugs
Complete treatment of the patient.
l. Measles
Measles is a kind of contagious disease caused by the rubella virus. Most of the patients are children. If measles attack pregnant women, it can interfere with abortion hinga miscarriage. Transmission can be through behrasal fluid from the eye, nose, and throat. The spread of the virus through the air during coughing, sneezing, and talking. Symptoms of this disease are fever, headache, red and watery eyes, coughs, colds, hoarseness, spots on the skin and a rash on the skin. Skin rash first occurred in the area behind the ear or face and then spreads throughout the body and eventually to the feet and hands. Prevention can be done by the vaccination or administration of gamma globulin. Vaccination can provide immunity are quite effective. Giving gamma globulin can prevent or mitigate clinical symptoms but do not provide effective immunity.
m. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
Dengue fever is a disease caused by a virus of the genus Flavivirus, the dengue virus. Vector transmission is the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The symptoms are fever, headache, back pain, bone and joint pain, weakness, bleeding in the skin. These symptoms may also be accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, abdominal pain, and intestinal bleeding. Prevention primarily intended for combat mosquitoes that meenyebarkan disease. Keeping the environment clean is the best way of eradicating mosquitoes good and do not harm the environment.
n. Hepatitis viruses
Hepatitis is an acute systemic disease caused by a virus. There are 2 kinds of viral hepatitis, namely hepatitis A and hepatitis B transmission of hepatitis A can occur from eating food contaminated feces, which are not cooked or less perfect way to cook it. Transmission of hepatitis B can occur through body contact, a toothbrush / utensils patient or through feces contaminated food that is not cooked or cooked less than perfect.
The symptoms in the prodromal looks similar to influenza, such as fatigue, headache, and there was snot. Symptoms that arise during jaundice is no appetite, upper right abdominal pain, konjungtivis, colds, and pharyngitis.
Prevention efforts are:
Prevent contact with patients
Avoid contamination of food and drinking water by materials that transmit the virus
Keeping the environment clean
Examine the person who will become blood donors
Giving gamma globulin or vaccination
Sterilize medical equipment and household appliances.
o. rabies (hydrophobia)
Rabies is a condition caused by infection with rabies virus. This virus live and reproduce only in nerve tissue. The virus enters the body through open wounds or skin abrasions contaminated saliva of animals suffering from rabies. The main source of infection adalh dog. There are also other warm-blooded animals, especially carnivores. Bats can also be a source of infection. If someone has a dog bite, he should clean up traces of dog saliva from the skin around the bite. How to clean with soap, then give hidrokhorida or concentrated solution of nitric acid.
Prevention efforts are:
Vaccinate their dogs, carnivorous animals
Quarantining a dog that came from areas not free of rabies.
p. Panu (Tinea versicolor)
Panu is a type of skin disease caused by a fungus. Transmission of the disease can result from direct contact with patients or through clothing, bedding, and towels. The main symptom is white patches infinite, delicate flaky, and can spread throughout the body. In general, the white spots are not itchy. Prevention of this disease can be done by labeling individual hygiene, avoid direct patient contact, and to avoid the use of sleeping equipment, toiletries, and clothing tinea versicolor patients.
3. Ways Prevention of Communicable Diseases in General
a. Enhance the value of health.
Reached by way of the business of health (hygiene) individual and business environmental health (sanitation).
b. Gives vaccination / immunization
It is the body's attempt to immunization. There are two kinds, namely:
Active immunization, the vaccine by inserting (seedling disease that has weakened), so that the body will be forced to make antibodies. For example, the vaccine BCG, DPT, measles, and hepatitis.
Passive immunization, which include serum that contains antibodies. For example, the provision of ATS (Anti Tetanus Serum).
c. periodic health examination
An effort to prevent the emergence or spread of a disease, so that outbreaks can be detected as early as possible. In this way, people can get a regular briefing on health care, treatment of disease, enhancing the business value of health, and vaccination.
In addition to the above, a healthy lifestyle is the most important way to prevent the disease.
To get a better quality of life to avoid the disease there are several ways, including:
1. Clean air, healthy lungs were
To avoid respiratory distress, breathe clean and healthy air. You do not need to bother looking pegungungan air, the morning air is very good for your lungs. Also avoid too polluted air, such as cigarette smoke, fumes or dust. Clean the house and work space on a regular basis, including furniture, fans and air conditioning.
2. Drink plenty of water
Water is the best of any drink. Get used to drink 8-10 glasses of water per day. This habit will help maintain the smooth functioning of the kidneys and urinary tract. Strive to drink warm at night and cool water (not ice water) in the afternoon. Also add a little lemon or lime juice. In addition to good freshen up, drink it and help remove toxins from the body.
3. Consumption of nutritious and balanced
Choose a menu with nutrition, balanced, and varied. Increase consumption of green vegetables and fruits that contain lots of fiber and nutrients that the body needs fiber. Avoid junk food and processed foods, and reduce consumption of salt and sugar. One more thing, do not forget breakfast! Because breakfast can support our activities throughout the day.
4. Balance between work, exercise and rest
Working hard without a break is absolutely no benefit to you. Get used to break regularly 7-8 hours at night, and do not often stay up or sleep too late. Try to use leisure time for exercise lightly or just relaxes muscles joints. By exercising 2-3 times per week, for 30-45 minutes, just to make the body fit and stamina.
5. Control of brain
The brain, like the body, he needs a rest. Do not give too much weight, because the brain also has a limited memory. Perform leisure activities that make the brain work more relaxed, eg doing a fun hobby, such as painting, reading the latest novel or just listening to music.
6. Go live in harmony
Man is a microcosm of the macrocosm of nature must follow if he wants to stay healthy. Use common sense, that's the key, do not risk your life by indulging pleasure themselves through poor lifestyle habits and risk. For example, drinking, smoking or using illegal drugs. Try to live in harmony, as much as possible minimize the risk of psychological or emotional stress.
7. Use of nutritional supplements
Only if necessary, our bodies need antioxidants (beta-carotene), vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. All substances needed by the body to increase vitality and prolong life expectancy. To obtain a lot of ways you can do.
In addition to fresh foods, can also consume a lot of health supplements on the market. Instead, use more dietary supplements is recommended as an alternative therapy with emphasis on types of dietary supplements that have been researched and useful.